PART TWO

Building the New Nation

1776–1860

9 . The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 …..........166

Changing political sentiments • The new state constitutions • Economic troubles • The Articles of Confederation, 1781–1788 • The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 • Shays’s Rebellion, 1786 • The Constitutional Convention, 1787 • Ratifying the Constitution, 1787–1790

★ E XAMINING THE E VIDENCE Copley Family Portrait, c. 1776–1777 …....169

★ VARYING V IEWPOINTS The Constitution: Revolutionary or Counterrevolutionary? …...188

10 . Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 …........................190

Problems of the young Republic • The first presidency, 1789–1793 • The Bill of Rights, 1791 • Hamilton’s economic policies • The emergence of political parties • The impact of the French Revolution • Jay’s Treaty, 1794, and Washington’s farewell, 1797 • President Adams keeps the peace • The Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 • Federalists versus Republicans

11 . The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic 1800–1812 …..........211

The “Revolution of 1800” • The Jefferson presidency • John Marshall and the Supreme Court • Barbary pirates • The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • The Anglo-French War • The Embargo, 1807–1809 • Madison gambles with Napoleon • Battle with the Shawnees • A Declaration of War

★ E XAMINING THE E VIDENCE The Thomas Jefferson–Sally Hemings Controversy …......213

12 . The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812–1824 …........233

Invasion of Canada, 1812 • The war on land and sea • The Treaty of Ghent, 1814 • The Hartford Convention, 1814–1815 • A new national identity • “The American System” • James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings • Westward expansion • The Missouri Compromise, 1820 • The Supreme Court under John Marshall • Oregon and Florida • The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

★ M AKERS OF A MERICA Settlers of the Old Northwest …...................244

13 . The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 …........................ 256

The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 • President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 • The triumph of Andrew Jackson, 1828 • The spoils system • The “Tariff of Abominations,” 1828 • The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 • The removal of the Indians from the Southeast • Jackson’s war on the Bank of the United States • The emergence of the Whig party, 1836 • Martin Van Buren in the White House, 1837–1841 • Revolution in Texas • William Henry Harrison’s “log cabin” campaign, 1840 • Mass democracy and the two-party system

★ E XAMINING THE E VIDENCE Satiric Bank Note, 1837 …........................273

★ M AKERS OF A MERICA Mexican or Texican? …...............278

★ VARYING V IEWPOINTS What Was Jacksonian Democracy? …....................285

14 . Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 …..........................287

The westward movement • European immigration • The Irish and the Germans • Nativism and assimilation • The coming of the factory system • Industrial workers • Women and the economy • The ripening of commercial agriculture • The transportation revolution • A continental economy

★ M AKERS OF A MERICA The Irish …...........................294

★ M AKERS OF A MERICA The Germans …........................298

★ E XAMINING THE E VIDENCE The Invention of the Sewing Machine …......................305

15 . The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790–1860

Religious revivals • The Mormons • Educational advances • The roots of reform • Temperance • Women’s roles and women’s rights • Utopian experiments • Science, art, and culture • A national literature

★ E XAMINING THE E VIDENCE Dress as Reform …...............333

★ M AKERS OF A MERICA The Oneida Community …............336

★ VARYING V IEWPOINTS Reform: Who? What? How? and Why? ….................346